Research hub
FeaturedResearch reviews
Amylin Analogues: Pramlintide and Cagrilintide Reviewed
Amylin, pramlintide and cagrilintide reviewed: discovery, amyloid-resistant design, calcitonin and amylin receptor pharmacology and the CagriSema trials.
Research reviewsBPC-157 Research Review: Origin, Mechanism, Evidence
A research review of BPC-157: its gastric origin, sequence and stability, proposed mechanisms, rodent and in vitro findings, evidence gaps and WADA status.
6 min read
Quality & testingEndotoxin and Sterility Testing for Research Peptides
What endotoxin is, how LAL and recombinant factor C assays measure it in EU/mg, how sterility testing differs, and why both matter for research materials.
6 min read
Research reviewsEpitalon Research Review: Epithalamin and Bioregulators
Epitalon (AEDG) reviewed: origins in pineal epithalamin, peptide bioregulator theory, telomerase and rodent lifespan studies, evidence limits and status.
5 min read
Research reviewsFOXO4-DRI and Senolytics: A Research Review
FOXO4-DRI reviewed alongside the wider senolytic field: senescence biology, the FOXO4–p53 interaction, retro-inverso design, mouse studies and open gaps.
6 min read
Research reviewsGHK-Cu Copper Peptide: A Research Review
GHK-Cu reviewed: discovery in human plasma, copper coordination chemistry, matrix and gene-expression studies, animal wound models and evidence gaps.
6 min read
Research reviewsGHRH Analogues: Tesamorelin, Sermorelin and CJC-1295
Tesamorelin, sermorelin and CJC-1295 reviewed: GHRH discovery, analogue chemistry, GHRH receptor pharmacology, clinical research and WADA S2 status.
6 min read
Research reviewsGLP-1/Glucagon Co-agonists: Survodutide and Mazdutide
GLP-1/glucagon co-agonists reviewed: oxyntomodulin biology, survodutide and mazdutide design, receptor pharmacology, MASH and obesity trial programmes.
6 min read
Quality & testingHPLC for Peptides: How Purity Is Measured
How reverse-phase HPLC measures peptide purity: columns, gradients, 214–220 nm detection, reading chromatograms and what area-percent purity means.
6 min read
Science explainedLyophilization Explained: Why Peptides Are Freeze-Dried
How lyophilisation works: freezing, primary and secondary drying, cake appearance, residual moisture, and why peptides are supplied freeze-dried.
6 min read
Quality & testingMass Spectrometry and Peptide Identity Explained
How mass spectrometry confirms peptide identity: ESI vs MALDI, monoisotopic vs average mass, charge states and what 'identity confirmed' means.
6 min read
Research reviewsMelanocortin Peptides: Melanotan, PT-141, Setmelanotide
Melanotan I and II, PT-141 (bremelanotide) and setmelanotide reviewed: α-MSH origins, structure, MC1R–MC5R pharmacology, trials and regulatory status.
6 min read
Research reviewsMitochondrial Peptides: MOTS-c, Humanin and SS-31
MOTS-c, humanin and SS-31 (elamipretide) reviewed: mitochondrial origins, structures, mechanisms, rodent and clinical research, and regulatory status.
7 min read
Research reviewsNAD+ and Glutathione in Redox and Ageing Research
NAD+ and glutathione reviewed: discovery, chemistry, roles in redox biology, sirtuins, PARPs, CD38 and ferroptosis, and the state of ageing research.
7 min read
Science explainedPeptide Half-Life Engineering: Lipidation, PEG and DAC
How chemists extend peptide half-life: lipidation, albumin binding and DAC, PEGylation, Fc fusion, D-amino acids and cyclisation, with examples.
6 min read
Science explainedPeptide Stability and Degradation Pathways Explained
How peptides degrade through oxidation, deamidation, hydrolysis and aggregation, and how temperature, light, moisture and freeze–thaw events matter.
6 min read
RegulatoryResearch Peptide Regulations: RUO, FDA and WADA
A factual overview of research peptide regulation: research use only, approved drugs vs research chemicals, 503A/503B compounding and WADA classes.
6 min read
Research reviewsRetatrutide Research Review: GIP, GLP-1 and Glucagon
Retatrutide reviewed: discovery of the GIP/GLP-1/glucagon triple agonist, its structure, receptor pharmacology, phase 2 data and the phase 3 TRIUMPH work.
7 min read
Research reviewsSelank and Semax: A Research Review
Selank and Semax reviewed: Russian origins, tuftsin and ACTH(4-7) designs, BDNF and GABA findings in rodents, clinical literature and evidence limits.
6 min read
Research reviewsSemaglutide Research Review: Structure, GLP-1R and Trials
Semaglutide reviewed: discovery of the albumin-binding GLP-1 analogue, its chemistry, GLP-1 receptor pharmacology, the SUSTAIN, STEP and SELECT trials.
6 min read
Science explainedSolid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) Explained
How solid-phase peptide synthesis works: Merrifield's method, Fmoc/tBu chemistry, coupling, cleavage, and where deletion and truncation impurities arise.
6 min read
Research reviewsTB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: A Research Review
Thymosin beta-4 and the TB-500 fragment reviewed: discovery, actin binding, wound and cardiac models, clinical work on Tβ4, evidence gaps and WADA status.
6 min read
Science explainedTFA vs Acetate: Peptide Salt Forms and Net Content
Why peptides carry TFA, acetate or chloride counter-ions, how salt form changes powder mass, and how net peptide content differs from HPLC purity.
6 min read
Research reviewsThymosin Alpha-1 and KPV: Immune Peptide Research
Thymosin alpha-1 and KPV reviewed: thymic and α-MSH origins, TLR and NF-κB mechanisms, colitis and infection models, clinical data and regulatory status.
6 min read
Research reviewsTirzepatide Research Review: GIP/GLP-1 Dual Agonism
Tirzepatide reviewed: discovery of the GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist, its structure, biased GLP-1R signalling, the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials and open questions.
6 min read
Compound comparisonsBPC-157 vs TB-500: What the Research Shows
BPC-157 vs TB-500 compared: origin, structure, model systems studied, evidence level and WADA status, plus notes on the Wolverine blend.
5 min read
Compound comparisonsCJC-1295 vs Ipamorelin: GH Secretagogues Compared
GHRH analogues vs ghrelin-receptor agonists: CJC-1295 with and without DAC, Ipamorelin, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, Sermorelin and Tesamorelin compared.
5 min read
Quality & testingHow to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis (COA)
Read a peptide COA line by line: HPLC purity, mass spec identity, peptide content vs purity, TFA and acetate salts, endotoxin, batch numbers and red flags.
5 min read
GuidesReconstitution and Storage of Lyophilized Peptides
Lab guide to lyophilized peptides: choosing a diluent, mg/mL and µL concentration math, aseptic technique, storage temperatures, freeze–thaw and light.
5 min read
Compound comparisonsSemaglutide vs Tirzepatide vs Retatrutide Compared
Semaglutide, tirzepatide and retatrutide compared: GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor targets, structure, and the STEP, SURMOUNT and retatrutide trials.
5 min read
GuidesWhat Research Use Only (RUO) Means for Peptides
What 'Research Use Only' means: its regulatory origin, why peptide suppliers use it, the documentation to expect, and how to evaluate a supplier.
4 min read